Battle of Novara
Second Italian War · Novara, Piedmont (Italy)
Summary
The French and Milanese army was surprised and crushed by the charge of Swiss pikemen. The battle marked a major setback for France and the capture of Ludovico Sforza. Swiss mercenaries in Ludovico's service refused to fight their countrymen under La Trémoille, causing ducal retreat and the siege of Novara.
Historical context
Within the struggle for the Duchy of Milan, France confronts an Italo-Swiss coalition. Swiss tactics based on heavy infantry formations prove decisive against French cavalry.
Tactics
Massive use of Swiss pikemen in tight formations, infantry superiority over cavalry, rapid maneuvers and coordinated charges. La Trémoille blocked supply routes to Milan; mutiny of Milanese Swiss and Landsknechts on 9–10 April forced mercenary capitulation, isolating Lombard troops.
Consequences
Temporary loss of Milan for France, rise of Swiss mercenaries, and questioning of traditional French tactics. Ludovico Sforza was captured during an escape attempt toward the Ticino and sent prisoner to Loches Castle, where he died in 1508.