Modern Era 1815 – 1914
96 battles in this era
Illustration of a battle from the Modern Era

Modern Era

1815 – 1914

Colonial wars, campaigns in Africa and Asia, and European conflicts such as the Crimean War (1854) and the Franco-Prussian War (1870).

96
Battles
66
Victories
27
Defeats
80
Major battles

Characteristics of the era

Compulsory military service
Industrialisation of warfare
Third Republic reforms
Colonial expansion

Key figures

G
Gambetta
MM
Mac Mahon
F
Foch
J
Joffre

Battles of the era

Modern Era
Victory

Battle of the Trocadero

31 August – 3 September 1823
Trocadero, Cádiz, Spain
Commandant français Duke of Angoulême (France), General Guilleminot
VS
Adversaire Spanish constitutional forces

The Battle of the Trocadero, from 31 August to 3 September 1823, was a decisive amphibious and land assault by the French army against liberal Spanish forces entrenched at Cádiz. The operation formed part of the Spanish Expedition, a mission entrusted to France by the Holy Alliance to restore King Ferdinand VII to his absolute throne. Trocadero Island, fortified and strategic for controlling maritime access to Cádiz, was assaulted by French troops after naval bombardment. Rapid success led to Cádiz's capitulation a few days later. The action was hailed as a demonstration of restored monarchical force and consolidated international legitimacy of the Bourbon French monarchy.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Capture of Algiers

5 July 1830
Algiers, Algeria (Ottoman Empire at the time)
Commandant français General de Bourmont (France)
VS
Adversaire Regency of Algiers (Dey Hussein)

The capture of Algiers was the culmination of the French military expedition of 1830 in North Africa. After establishing a solid bridgehead at Sidi Ferruch, French troops advanced toward the Ottoman capital of the Regency of Algiers. On 4 July, after several pitched battles and intense artillery bombardment of Turkish fortifications, the French launched the final assault. On 5 July Dey Hussein capitulated. This major victory marked the effective beginning of French colonial domination in Algeria. It was widely publicized in France, though overshadowed a few days later by the July Revolution.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Macta

28 June 1835
Macta, near Mostaganem, Algeria
Commandant français General Camille Alphonse Trézel (France)
VS
Adversaire Emir Abdelkader and his regular and tribal troops

The Battle of Macta was a decisive ambush inflicted by Emir Abdelkader on French troops commanded by General Trézel. After fruitless negotiation attempts with Abdelkader, the French withdrew from Mascara toward Mostaganem. Crossing the Macta marshes, the French column was surprised and harassed by Arab cavalry. Outnumbered, overwhelmed by heat and mud, the French lost control of their formation and were cut to pieces in a rapid assault. It was Abdelkader's first major victory over French colonial forces.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

First Battle of Constantine

21 October 1836
Constantine, Algeria
Commandant français Marshal Bertrand Clausel (France)
VS
Adversaire Ahmed Bey, ruler of Constantine

The first French attempt to seize the fortified city of Constantine ended in bitter failure. Marshal Clausel, Governor General of Algeria, launched an ambitious expedition to break resistance of Ahmed Bey, last major independent bastion of eastern Algeria. Despite initial advance from Bône, French troops suffered from bad weather, lack of supply, and fierce resistance. The final assault on the walls failed. The column was forced into disorganized retreat in the rain, harassed by local forces.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Second Battle of Constantine

13–14 October 1837
Constantine, Algeria
Commandant français General Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont (until his death), then General Sylvain Charles Valée (France)
VS
Adversaire Ahmed Bey

The second expedition against Constantine, conducted one year after Clausel's failure, was better prepared and crowned with success. General Damrémont meticulously organized approach to the city. After his premature death, General Valée took command and directed the final assault. French troops managed to breach fortifications after intense bombardment. Constantine fell after two days of fierce fighting, marking a turning point in French conquest of eastern Algeria.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Djebel Bou Taleb

25 November 1837
Djebel Bou Taleb, near Constantine, Algeria
Commandant français General Nicolas Changarnier (France)
VS
Adversaire Kabyle forces allied to Ahmed Bey

Shortly after capture of Constantine, General Changarnier led a punitive expedition against Kabyle tribes of Djebel Bou Taleb suspected of aiding Ahmed Bey. The expedition turned into pitched battle in the mountains, where French troops faced a coalition of Kabyle warriors. Although initially surprised, they managed to reverse the situation and won after several hours of difficult fighting in steep terrain.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Collo

17 February 1838
Collo, Algeria
Commandant français Colonel Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg (France)
VS
Adversaire Kabyle tribes hostile to French authority

The Battle of Collo opposed a French expeditionary column to a Kabyle tribal coalition on Algeria's east coast. Colonel Schauenburg, charged with securing Collo port and its strategic surroundings, faced a well-organized ambush in steep terrain. Thanks to coordinated maneuver between land troops and naval support from the bay, French forces achieved decisive defeat of the insurgents.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Indecisive

Battle of the Smala (1838)

16 April 1838
Tafna region, Algeria
Commandant français Colonel Louis Juchault de Lamoricière (France)
VS
Adversaire Forces of Abd el-Kader

In an attempt to weaken Abd el-Kader's power, spiritual and military leader of Algerian resistance, Colonel Lamoricière led surprise offensive against his smala—a mobile camp serving simultaneously as military and political base. Although he inflicted losses on Abd el-Kader's forces, Algerian resistance remained coherent and retained capacity to counterattack. The battle ended without decisive strategic gain.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of the Oued Mouilah

28 October 1839
Oued Mouilah, Algeria
Commandant français Colonel Combes (France)
VS
Adversaire Abd el-Kader

The Battle of the Oued Mouilah marked rupture of peace between France and Abd el-Kader. Colonel Combes attempted to join an isolated convoy near Sidi-Bel-Abbès when attacked by superior force led by Abd el-Kader in person. Trapped in a narrow valley, the French were encircled, suffered heavy losses, and had to retreat. This battle is considered one of the emir's first major military successes after end of the truce.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Mazagran

3–6 February 1840
Mazagran, Mostaganem, Algeria
Commandant français Captain Lelièvre (France)
VS
Adversaire Forces of Abd el-Kader (commanded by Mustapha ben Tayeb)

The Battle of Mazagran is a famous episode of the conquest of Algeria in which a small French garrison heroically resisted a four-day siege by a massive force sent by Abd el-Kader. Entrenched in fortified village of Mazagran, Captain Lelièvre's 123 men held out against more than 10,000 besiegers thanks to exceptional discipline, organized defense, and high morale. Heroic resistance of this garrison became symbol of French military tenacity in colonial conquest.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of the Oued Asker

28 April 1841
Oued Asker, near Cherchell, Algeria
Commandant français Marshal Thomas-Robert Bugeaud (France)
VS
Adversaire Tribes of the Ouarsenis mountains allied to Abd el-Kader

The Battle of the Oued Asker opposed French army directed by Marshal Bugeaud to tribal coalition of the Ouarsenis mountains allied to Abd el-Kader. Seeking definitively to break the emir's supply and influence lines, Bugeaud conducted offensive campaign in difficult mountainous region. Fighting was fierce, notably in Oued Asker gorges where French troops faced fierce resistance but finally gained advantage through enveloping maneuver and effective use of mountain artillery.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of the Sikkak

6 July 1842
Sikkak Valley, Algeria
Commandant français General Lamoricière (France)
VS
Adversaire Forces of Emir Abd el-Kader

The Battle of the Sikkak opposed French troops commanded by General Lamoricière to important force of Abd el-Kader in wooded valley southwest of Tlemcen. The emir, returning from raids near Moroccan border, attempted to surprise French columns, but they resisted effectively. Well-prepared French ambush combined with cavalry maneuver on enemy rear inflicted heavy defeat on Abd el-Kader's forces, which had to retreat southward.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Sidi Brahim

23–26 September 1843
Sidi Brahim, near Djemaa Ghazaouet, Algeria
Commandant français Captain Louis Dutertre (France)
VS
Adversaire Forces of Abd el-Kader

The Battle of Sidi Brahim is one of the most famous episodes of the conquest of Algeria. A small French detachment led by Captain Dutertre was surprised by Abd el-Kader's greatly superior forces in an enclosed valley. Refusing surrender, the French entrenched around Sidi Brahim marabout and held out for three days against repeated assaults. Ammunition exhausted, only a few survivors managed to escape. Courage of this resistance was celebrated in the French army as legendary act of heroism.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Isly

14 August 1844
Oued Isly, near Oujda, eastern Morocco
Commandant français Marshal Thomas-Robert Bugeaud (France)
VS
Adversaire Moroccan army under Prince Moulay Muhammad

The Battle of Isly opposed French army directed by Bugeaud to Moroccan army of Sultan Abd al-Rahman, commanded by his son Moulay Muhammad. Though greatly inferior in number, French army crushed Moroccan forces thanks to skillful maneuver in open terrain. This decisive victory compelled Morocco to cease support for Emir Abd el-Kader, marking major turning point in Algerian war and in Franco-Moroccan relations.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Action at Sidi Brahim (1845)

23 March 1845
Sidi Brahim, Tlemcen, Algeria
Commandant français Colonel Alexandre de Lavarande (France)
VS
Adversaire Forces of Emir Abd el-Kader

One year after famous siege of Sidi Brahim, French troops returned in force to this still disputed strategic region between colonial army and forces of Emir Abd el-Kader. This time French anticipated ambush. During mobile engagement in hills near marabout, they succeeded in repulsing and routing emir's cavalry thanks to decisive use of artillery and cavalry. Name of Sidi Brahim, already symbolic, was again marked by French troop tenacity.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of the Oued Sebbah

28 May 1845
Oued Sebbah, near Saïda, Algeria
Commandant français General Jean-Joseph Amable Humbert (France)
VS
Adversaire Troops of Emir Abd el-Kader

The Battle of the Oued Sebbah saw French army commanded by General Humbert face important column of cavalry led by Emir Abd el-Kader. After ambush attempt by indigenous forces, French troops managed to reverse situation through outflanking maneuver executed by their cavalry. Favorable outcome allowed securing passage toward Saïda, strategic center coveted in western Algeria.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of the Mekerra

10 July 1845
Mekerra, near Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria
Commandant français Colonel Cavaignac (France)
VS
Adversaire Forces of Emir Abd el-Kader

The Battle of the Mekerra opposed French troops commanded by Colonel Cavaignac to important contingent of Abd el-Kader near Sidi Bel Abbès. Battle was triggered as French secured Mekerra valley, strategic passage toward western Tell. Thanks to fire discipline and intelligent use of terrain, French troops repulsed enemy charges and obliged Abd el-Kader to retreat toward Ouarsenis mountains.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Action at Sidi Brahim (September 1845)

23–26 September 1845
Sidi Brahim, Ouarsenis, Algeria
Commandant français Captain Louis Dutertre (France)
VS
Adversaire Troops of Emir Abd el-Kader

The action at Sidi Brahim in September 1845 is one of the most famous engagements of the conquest of Algeria. A small French column, ambushed by greatly superior army of Emir Abd el-Kader, entrenched around Sidi Brahim marabout for three days of fierce siege. Despite heroic defense, survivors had to attempt bloody breakout. Their heroic resistance became symbol in French military history.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Ouizert

7 April 1846
Ouizert, near Mostaganem, Algeria
Commandant français General Nicolas Changarnier (France)
VS
Adversaire Forces of Emir Abd el-Kader

The Battle of Ouizert saw French troops under General Changarnier confront and disperse important force of Emir Abd el-Kader near Mostaganem. Though outnumbered, French effectively exploited terrain and mobile artillery to disorganize enemy. This victory accelerated collapse of Abd el-Kader's military authority in western Algeria.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of the Ouarsenis

11 August 1846
Ouarsenis Range, Algeria
Commandant français General Bedeau (France)
VS
Adversaire Forces of Emir Abd el-Kader

The Battle of the Ouarsenis opposed French forces commanded by General Bedeau to important body of Abd el-Kader entrenched in steep reliefs of Ouarsenis range. In outflanking and encirclement operation, French troops surprised enemy in camp and forced pitched battle in difficult access zone. French victory, though costly, contributed to reducing Abd el-Kader's hold on mountain massifs.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of the Oued Sefioun

23 January 1847
Oued Sefioun, Nementcha, Algeria
Commandant français General Jean-Joseph Amable Humbert (France)
VS
Adversaire Nementcha tribes and remaining partisans of Abd el-Kader

This battle opposed French forces to coalition of mountain tribes in Nementcha region east of Constantine. Led by General Humbert, French army managed to break local resistance during difficult terrain campaign. Oued Sefioun engagement saw French exploit cavalry mobility to trap rebels in narrow gorge, inflicting heavy defeat.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of the Oued Bou-Sellam

25 March 1847
Oued Bou-Sellam, near Sétif, Algeria
Commandant français General Jean-François Gentil (France)
VS
Adversaire Kabyle tribes and resisters affiliated with Abd el-Kader

The Battle of the Oued Bou-Sellam marked new stage in pacification of northern Constantinois. French troops led by General Gentil attacked coalition of Kabyle tribes entrenched on heights bordering the oued. Rugged terrain and fierce mountaineer resistance made engagement particularly difficult, but coordinated use of artillery and mountain infantry allowed decisive victory.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of the Ouarsenis Pass

14 September 1847
Téniet el-Haad Pass, Ouarsenis, Algeria
Commandant français General de Saint-Arnaud (France)
VS
Adversaire Ouarsenis tribal forces

In final phase of conquest of Ouarsenis massif, troops of General de Saint-Arnaud engaged decisive battle at Téniet el-Haad Pass. Battle, seeing coordinated commitment of elite units in very difficult mountain terrain, ended organized resistance in this zone. Tribes were caught off guard by rapid encirclement maneuver and disciplined frontal offensive.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Zaatcha

26 November – 4 December 1849
Zaatcha, Biskra oasis, Algeria
Commandant français General Herbillon (France)
VS
Adversaire Algerian resisters led by Bouziane and Ben Abdallah

The Battle of Zaatcha is one of most striking of late Algerian conquest. Oasis fortified by inhabitants and resisters from across region offered fierce resistance to French troops. Siege turned into pitched battle during final assault, where street fighting and ambushes in palm groves caused heavy losses. Capture of Zaatcha, at price of massacre, shocked opinion in metropolitan France.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of the Alma

20 September 1854
Alma River, Crimea (Russian Empire)
Commandant français Marshal Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud (France)
VS
Adversaire Russian Empire, General Menshikov

The Battle of the Alma was first major land engagement of Crimean War. It opposed Franco-British-Ottoman army to Russian troops of General Menshikov entrenched on strategic height north of Alma River. Objective was to open road to Sevastopol. While British attacked center of Russian lines, French crossed river to west and decisively scaled heights. Victory was costly but complete, forcing Russians to retreat toward Sevastopol.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Indecisive

Battle of Balaklava

25 October 1854
Balaklava, Crimea (Russian Empire)
Commandant français General Canrobert (France), Lord Raglan (United Kingdom)
VS
Adversaire Russian Empire, command of Pavel Liprandi

The Battle of Balaklava is known for famous British cavalry charges, notably Charge of the Light Brigade, but French troops also played crucial role in defending allied right flank. Russian objective was to break Sevastopol siege by attacking British positions at Balaklava, essential logistics port. Fighting was intense and confused but Allies managed to contain Russian offensive, though victory was not decisive.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Inkerman

5 November 1854
Inkerman, Crimea (Russian Empire)
Commandant français General Pierre Bosquet (France), Lord Raglan (United Kingdom)
VS
Adversaire Russian Empire, Prince Alexander Menshikov

The Battle of Inkerman saw massive surprise Russian attack against isolated British troops on heights. Fighting in fog on rugged terrain became chaotic and extremely bloody. Decisive intervention of French troops, notably General Bosquet's brigades, saved British position from complete collapse. Despite numerical inferiority Allies inflicted heavy defeat on Russian forces.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of the Chernaya

16 August 1855
Chernaya River, Crimea (Russian Empire)
Commandant français General Pierre Bosquet (France), General Giovanni Durando (Sardinia)
VS
Adversaire Russian Empire, Prince Mikhail Gorchakov

The Battle of the Chernaya opposed numerous but poorly coordinated Russian army to solidly established Franco-Piedmontese defensive line. Russians, in desperate attempt to break Sevastopol siege, crossed Chernaya River to attack allied positions. Forewarned, French of General Bosquet and Sardes of Durando resisted fiercely and inflicted heavy defeat on assailants. This battle confirmed collapse of Russian offensive strategy in peninsula.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Capture of the Malakoff Redoubt

8 September 1855
Sevastopol, Crimea (Russian Empire)
Commandant français Marshal Patrice de Mac Mahon (France), General Aimable Pélissier (France)
VS
Adversaire Russian Empire, General Alexander Gorchakov

Assault on Malakoff redoubt constituted most decisive military operation of Sevastopol siege. Commanded by Mac Mahon, French attack seized nerve center of Russian defensive system. While British troops failed to take Great Redan, French stormed redoubt with sappers, trenches, and intense artillery bombardment. Capture of Malakoff triggered immediate Russian evacuation of Sevastopol, ending 11-month siege.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Montebello

20 May 1859
Montebello, Lombardy (Kingdom of Sardinia, now Italy)
Commandant français General Élie Frédéric Forey (France)
VS
Adversaire Austrian Empire, Feldzeugmeister Karl von Urban

The Battle of Montebello was first French victory of 1859 Italian campaign. Opposing Forey's troops to clearly superior Austrian forces, it demonstrated French tactical and moral superiority. Thanks to series of bold well-coordinated counterattacks, French managed to repulse Austrians after several hours of intense fighting around Montebello.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Palestro

30 May 1859
Palestro, Kingdom of Sardinia
Commandant français General Patrice de Mac Mahon (France), General François de La Motte Rouge (France)
VS
Adversaire Austrian Empire, General Zobel

The Battle of Palestro opposed Franco-Sardinian troops commanded by General Mac Mahon and his subordinate La Motte Rouge to Austrian army of General Zobel. Strategic objective: secure key crossing on Sesia to allow allied army to maneuver toward Novara. Frontal attack of French units combined with bold flank maneuver by zouaves surprised Austrians. Presence of King Victor Emmanuel II in combat raised morale. Enemy was repulsed with heavy losses.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Magenta

4 June 1859
Magenta, Lombardy, Italy
Commandant français Napoleon III (France), Marshal Patrice de Mac Mahon (France)
VS
Adversaire Austrian Empire, General Ferencz Gyulai

The Battle of Magenta opposed Franco-Sardinian forces directed by Napoleon III and Marshal Mac Mahon to Austrian army of Gyulai. This decisive combat took place in maze of canals, dikes, and orchards making maneuvers particularly complex. Objective was to pierce Austrian dispositions to open road to Milan. Mac Mahon played central role leading his corps across Ticino River, engaging enemy at Magenta and securing victory through stubborn attack supported by Canrobert's reinforcements.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Solferino

24 June 1859
Solferino, Lombardy, Italy
Commandant français Napoleon III (France), Victor Emmanuel II (Sardinia)
VS
Adversaire Austrian Empire, Emperor Francis Joseph I

The Battle of Solferino was one of bloodiest engagements of nineteenth-century Europe. It opposed Franco-Sardinian troops led by Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel II to imperial Austrian army of Francis Joseph. Fighting extended over vast front between villages of Solferino, Cavriana, and San Martino, turning into bloody chaos of infantry, cavalry, and artillery. French victory, won at cost of heavy losses, would profoundly mark consciences and lead to creation of Red Cross.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of the Oued Sébaou

July 1860
Oued Sébaou Valley, Kabylie, Algeria
Commandant français General Patrice de Mac Mahon (France)
VS
Adversaire Tribal confederation of Beni Yenni and Beni Raten

The Battle of the Oued Sébaou was one of the key engagements of the French campaign in Greater Kabylie. The colonial French army directed by General Mac Mahon progressed through steep, heavily wooded valleys to subdue Kabyle tribes still resisting colonial penetration. The battle took place in difficult terrain of abrupt crests and dense forests, where French troops faced continuous harassment.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Capture of the Dagu Forts

21 August 1860
Mouth of Hai He River, Tianjin, China
Commandant français General Charles Cousin-Montauban (France), General James Hope Grant (United Kingdom)
VS
Adversaire Qing Dynasty

On 21 August 1860, Franco-British forces launched a coordinated assault against the Dagu forts defending river access to Tianjin and Beijing. These fortifications had repulsed an assault attempt in 1859. This time, better prepared, the Allies attacked simultaneously from sea and land. After violent fighting, the forts fell within hours. This victory opened the way to the invasion of northern China.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Zhangjiawan

18 September 1860
Zhangjiawan, near Tongzhou, China
Commandant français General Charles Cousin-Montauban (France), General James Hope Grant (United Kingdom)
VS
Adversaire Qing Dynasty (imperial army)

The Battle of Zhangjiawan saw Franco-British forces face a Qing imperial army three times superior in number. The Chinese army, stationed near Tongzhou to protect access to Beijing, attempted to block the allied advance. Despite numerical inferiority, Franco-British troops maneuvered skillfully, using artillery and discipline to repulse the enemy. The Qing lines gave way after several hours of combat.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Palikao

21 September 1860
Palikao (today Baliqiao), near Beijing, China
Commandant français General Charles Cousin-Montauban (France), General James Hope Grant (United Kingdom)
VS
Adversaire Qing Dynasty (imperial army)

The Battle of Palikao constituted the last great resistance of the Qing dynasty before the entry of Franco-British troops into Beijing. Despite strong numerical inferiority, the Allies crushed the imperial troops. General Cousin-Montauban led a decisive breakthrough, exploiting the tactical and technological superiority of Western troops. The Qing defeat opened the road to the capital, precipitating the end of the conflict.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Ky Hoa

24–25 February 1861
Ky Hoa, near Saigon, Cochinchina (Vietnam)
Commandant français Rear Admiral Léonard Charner (France)
VS
Adversaire Nguyễn Dynasty (Empire of Vietnam)

The Battle of Ky Hoa was a decisive clash between Franco-Spanish forces and Vietnamese troops of the Nguyễn dynasty in southern Vietnam during the Cochinchina campaign. The siege of Saigon, maintained by the Vietnamese for nearly two years, culminated in this battle. Rear Admiral Charner, recently arrived with reinforcements, took the initiative for a frontal assault on the entrenched Vietnamese lines around the fortified village of Ky Hoa, southeast of Saigon.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of the Cumbres de Acultzingo

28 April 1862
Cumbres de Acultzingo, State of Veracruz, Mexico
Commandant français General Charles de Lorencez (France)
VS
Adversaire Mexican Republic – General Ignacio Zaragoza

The Battle of the Cumbres de Acultzingo pitted French forces marching on Mexico City against the republican Mexican army commanded by Zaragoza. The better-equipped French troops attempted to force a passage through the mountains to continue their advance. The engagement took place in steep, difficult terrain favorable to the Mexican defense. Despite this, the French managed to drive back the defenders and secure the pass.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Puebla

5 May 1862
Puebla de Zaragoza, Mexico
Commandant français General Charles de Lorencez (France)
VS
Adversaire Republic of Mexico (General Ignacio Zaragoza)

The Battle of Puebla pitted the French army against the young Mexican Republic during the French intervention in Mexico. Although French troops were better equipped and trained, they encountered fierce resistance on the heights of Puebla, strongly fortified. General Lorencez launched several frontal assaults that failed against the endurance and tenacity of the Mexican defenders, supported by the local population. This surprising defeat was a setback for French prestige in Latin America.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Cerro del Borrego

13 June 1862
Orizaba, State of Veracruz, Mexico
Commandant français General Charles de Lorencez (France)
VS
Adversaire Mexican Republicans commanded by General Ignacio Zaragoza

After the failed assault on Puebla, French troops withdrew toward Orizaba. On 13 June 1862, a French detachment under General Lorencez attempted to secure the position of Cerro del Borrego, a strategic hill overlooking the Orizaba valley. However, Mexican troops led by Zaragoza laid an ambush, attacking the summit quickly before the French had time to entrench properly.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Second Battle of Puebla

16 March – 17 May 1863
Puebla, Mexico
Commandant français General Élie Frédéric Forey (France)
VS
Adversaire Mexican republican army (commanders: Jesús Ortega, Felipe Berriozábal)

After the failure of 1862, the French launched a new campaign against Puebla, this time with a far superior and better-prepared force commanded by General Forey. The siege lasted two months and involved violent urban combat, especially around Mexican defensive redoubts and bastions. After several unsuccessful assaults, the French broke enemy lines and entered the city, forcing the Mexican surrender on 17 May 1863.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of San Lorenzo (Guerrero)

15 August 1863
San Lorenzo, State of Guerrero, Mexico
Commandant français General Achille Bazaine (France)
VS
Adversaire Mexican republican forces commanded by General Vicente Jiménez

In the months following the capture of Puebla and Mexico City, French troops extended their control toward the south and west of the country. At San Lorenzo, in the State of Guerrero, they faced a Mexican republican army entrenched in a fortified village. General Bazaine led a joint attack with Mexican conservative forces to disperse this threat to supply lines toward Acapulco. The engagement was intense and brutal, but French tactical and material superiority eventually forced the republican forces to retreat.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Tacámbaro

11 April 1865
Tacámbaro, State of Michoacán, Mexico
Commandant français Commandant Alfred Baron de Potier (France)
VS
Adversaire Mexican republican forces commanded by General Nicolás Régules

The Battle of Tacámbaro pitted a detachment of the Belgian Legion, serving the Mexican Empire, against a republican force far superior in numbers. The Belgian contingent, sent to occupy the town of Tacámbaro and protect populations loyal to the empire, found itself encircled by Nicolás Régules's troops. After an entire day of fierce combat, the legionnaires were forced to surrender. This engagement became a symbol of European involvement in the Mexican War.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of La Loma

16 July 1865
La Loma, State of Michoacán, Mexico
Commandant français General François Achille Bazaine (France)
VS
Adversaire Mexican republican forces commanded by General José María Arteaga

The Battle of La Loma marked a strategic success for Franco-Mexican imperial forces in the Michoacán region. General Bazaine, commander-in-chief of the French expedition, engaged an expeditionary corps to drive back the well-entrenched republican troops of General Arteaga on the heights. Thanks to a coordinated attack involving several columns, the French managed to take control of the fortified position.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Santa Gertrudis

15 April 1866
Santa Gertrudis, State of Chihuahua, Mexico
Commandant français Colonel Alfred Berthelin (France, Mexican imperial detachment)
VS
Adversaire Mexican republican forces commanded by General Luis Terrazas

The Battle of Santa Gertrudis marked an important defeat for French-backed imperial troops in northern Mexico. Colonel Berthelin, charged with securing strategic routes in Chihuahua, was attacked in coordinated fashion by Luis Terrazas's republican forces. The ambush and republican numerical superiority caught imperial troops off guard, leading to a disorganized withdrawal.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Miahuatlán

3 October 1866
Miahuatlán, State of Oaxaca, Mexico
Commandant français Colonel Alfred Berthelin (France)
VS
Adversaire Mexican republican forces commanded by Porfirio Díaz

The Battle of Miahuatlán pitted a Franco-imperial column in retreat against troops of Mexican General Porfirio Díaz, who was conducting an energetic counteroffensive in the State of Oaxaca. French forces, weakened by constant harassment and poorly positioned, fell into a skillfully organized ambush in the heights near Miahuatlán. Despite initial resistance, the imperial line disintegrated and survivors retreated in disorder.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of La Carbonera

18 October 1866
La Carbonera, State of Oaxaca, Mexico
Commandant français Imperial generals Leonardo Márquez and Alfredo Berthelin (France)
VS
Adversaire Mexican republican army commanded by Porfirio Díaz

The Battle of La Carbonera was one of the last major pitched battles of the French intervention in Mexico. Porfirio Díaz's republican forces, recently victorious at Miahuatlán, continued their campaign northward to liberate Oaxaca. At La Carbonera, they intercepted an important imperial column composed of French troops and Mexican conservatives led by Márquez and Berthelin. The battle quickly turned to the Republicans' advantage, who were better prepared and numerically superior.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Cuesta de la Vacas

26 October 1866
Cuesta de la Vacas, State of Zacatecas, Mexico
Commandant français Colonel Joseph-Léon de Mangin (France)
VS
Adversaire Mexican republican forces commanded by General Ramón Corona

The Battle of Cuesta de la Vacas marked another failure of Franco-Mexican imperial forces against the republican push in northern Mexico. French Colonel de Mangin attempted to block the road against republican General Ramón Corona, who was conducting a reconquest campaign toward the south.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Chihuahua

15 November 1866
Chihuahua, northern Mexico
Commandant français General François Achille Bazaine (France)
VS
Adversaire Mexican republican army under General Mariano Escobedo

The Battle of Chihuahua saw the last imperial French forces in northern Mexico attempt to resist republican reconquest. General Bazaine, in an organized withdrawal toward the coast, tried to slow Escobedo's advance to allow logistical evacuation. But republican numerical and moral superiority led to a foregone engagement.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Boi-A-Baba

20 July 1869
Boi-A-Baba, Senegal River valley, West Africa
Commandant français Colonel Louis Faidherbe
VS
Adversaire Tukulor warriors of the Kingdom of Ségou (command unknown)

The Battle of Boi-A-Baba pitted a French column led by Colonel Faidherbe against a substantial force of Tukulor warriors in the context of colonial expansion in Senegal. The French objective was to neutralize local forces resisting the establishment of fortified posts on the upper Senegal River. The clash, harsh and frontal, ended in a French victory despite numerical inferiority.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Bazeilles

31 August – 1 September 1870
Bazeilles, Ardennes, France
Commandant français General of Division Élie de Vassoigne (France)
VS
Adversaire German Empire (Bavaria and Prussia)

The Battle of Bazeilles pitted French colonial troops—the famous marine 'marsouins'—against Bavarian forces in fierce urban combat in the village of Bazeilles, near Sedan. The French fiercely defended every house and street in heroic resistance, inflicting heavy losses on the enemy despite numerical inferiority. The engagement became emblematic of the courage of French colonial troops and gave rise to the famous motto 'They shall not pass.'

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Sedan

1–2 September 1870
Sedan, Ardennes, France
Commandant français Marshal Patrice de Mac Mahon (France), then General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot, finally General Emmanuel de Wimpffen
VS
Adversaire German Empire (Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Württemberg)

The Battle of Sedan marked a decisive turning point in the Franco-Prussian War. French forces of the Army of Châlons, commanded by Mac Mahon, were encircled by a German army superior in numbers and coordination. After disorganized breakthrough attempts and violent combat, the French army was forced to surrender. Napoleon III, present on the battlefield, was captured, leading to the fall of the Second Empire.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

First Battle of Buzenval (or Montretout)

21 October 1870
Buzenval, Hauts-de-Seine, France
Commandant français General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot (France)
VS
Adversaire Prussian army (commanded by General von Kameke)

The First Battle of Buzenval, also called the Battle of Montretout, was a sortie by the besieged French army of Paris against Prussian troops. General Ducrot attempted a breakthrough westward to disrupt enemy lines around Fort Mont Valérien. The French offensive temporarily captured Buzenval, but Prussian counterattacks drove French troops back inside Paris's defensive lines.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Coulmiers

9 November 1870
Coulmiers, Loiret, France
Commandant français General Antoine Chanzy (France), General Jean-Baptiste d'Aurelle de Paladines (France)
VS
Adversaire Bavarian troops (German Empire), General Ludwig von der Tann

The Army of the Loire surprised the Bavarian army at Coulmiers. Powerful artillery preparation using percussion shells created panic in the enemy camp. Taking advantage of the disarray, French infantry charged with the bayonet and drove back the Bavarians, achieving one of the rare French victories of the war.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande

28 November 1870
Beaune-la-Rolande, Loiret, France
Commandant français General d'Aurelle de Paladines
VS
Adversaire Kingdom of Prussia (General Friedrich Franz II of Mecklenburg-Schwerin)

The Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande pitted the far more numerous French Army of the Loire against an entrenched Prussian corps. Despite their numerical superiority, the French failed to take the town due to poor coordination between their various columns and fierce Prussian resistance. French troops suffered heavy losses and withdrew.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Villepion

1 December 1870
Villepion, Loir-et-Cher, France
Commandant français General Antoine Chanzy (France)
VS
Adversaire German Empire (Prussians)

The Battle of Villepion saw General Chanzy's French troops face Prussian forces of the German 22nd Division. In a full attempt to break through toward Paris, Chanzy tried to drive back Prussians positioned at Villepion in a rapid, brutal offensive. The engagement was violent, with heavy losses on both sides, but the French managed to take control of the village by nightfall.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Loigny-Poupry

2 December 1870
Loigny-la-Bataille and Poupry, Eure-et-Loir, France
Commandant français General Antoine Chanzy (France)
VS
Adversaire German Empire (General Friedrich Franz II of Mecklenburg and General Ludwig von Wittich)

The day after his victory at Villepion, General Chanzy attempted to continue his advance toward Paris but encountered a well-organized German counteroffensive at Loigny and Poupry. Despite fierce combat and heroic resistance by French infantry, German forces regained the initiative, encircling French positions. The battle ended in a heavy defeat for Chanzy.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Beaugency

8–10 December 1870
Beaugency, Loiret, France
Commandant français General Antoine Chanzy (France)
VS
Adversaire German Empire (Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia)

After the defeat at Loigny, Chanzy regrouped his troops at Beaugency on the north bank of the Loire. For three days, French forces resisted the German push in fierce combat marked by cold and disorganization. Despite courageous defense and some tactical successes, Chanzy was forced to withdraw facing the arrival of enemy reinforcements and lack of coordination with Bourbaki's other French army.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Le Mans

10–12 January 1871
Le Mans, Sarthe, France
Commandant français General Antoine Chanzy (France)
VS
Adversaire German Empire (Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia)

The Battle of Le Mans was one of the last major engagements of the Franco-Prussian War. Chanzy, withdrawn westward after Beaugency, attempted to form a solid defensive line around Le Mans. The Germans, well organized and methodical, attacked on 10 and 11 January, exploiting weaknesses in the French deployment. Confusion, cold, and lack of discipline disorganized the French army, which retreated in disorder toward Laval.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of the Lizaine

15–17 January 1871
Around the Lizaine River, near Héricourt, Haute-Saône, France
Commandant français General Charles Denis Bourbaki (France)
VS
Adversaire German Empire (General August von Werder)

The Battle of the Lizaine pitted General Bourbaki's Army of the East against a German corps commanded by General von Werder. Bourbaki attempted to break the siege of Belfort and drive German forces back on the Lizaine line. Despite numerical superiority, the French failed to pierce the enemy front. Exhausted, starving, and poorly led, Bourbaki's army disintegrated, leading to a dramatic retreat toward Switzerland.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Saint-Quentin

19 January 1871
Saint-Quentin, Aisne, France
Commandant français General Louis Faidherbe (France)
VS
Adversaire German Empire (General August Karl von Goeben)

The Battle of Saint-Quentin pitted General Faidherbe's Army of the North against a German army commanded by General von Goeben. Faidherbe hoped to relieve Paris by attacking southward from Amiens. Despite an offensive engagement, his troops lacked cohesion and experience. After violent fighting around Gricourt and Saint-Quentin, French forces were driven back and had to withdraw.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Second Battle of Buzenval

19 January 1871
Buzenval, Rueil-Malmaison, Hauts-de-Seine, France
Commandant français General Louis Jules Trochu (France)
VS
Adversaire German Empire (Prince Frederick Karl of Prussia)

The Second Battle of Buzenval was the last major sortie attempt by the French army trapped in besieged Paris. General Trochu launched an offensive west of the city to try to pierce Prussian lines at Rueil and Buzenval. Combat was intense in the woods and around redoubts, but despite massive engagement, French troops failed to break enemy lines. Withdrawal was ordered in the evening.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Indecisive

Battle of Belfort

15–17 February 1871
Belfort, Territoire de Belfort, France
Commandant français Colonel Pierre Denfert-Rochereau (France)
VS
Adversaire German Empire (General von Tresckow)

After more than three months of siege, German forces launched a series of assaults on Belfort in mid-February 1871 to force its surrender. The garrison, led by Denfert-Rochereau, resisted fiercely, inflicting heavy losses on the enemy. Despite exhaustion of supplies and ammunition, the city refused to capitulate. Only the announcement of the armistice signed on 28 January and the explicit request of the French government led Denfert-Rochereau to cease fire on 18 February.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Ouargla

1 September 1872
Ouargla, Algerian Sahara, Algeria (French colonial empire)
Commandant français Commandant Flatters (France)
VS
Adversaire Insurgent Tuareg and Berber tribes

The Battle of Ouargla pitted Commandant Flatters's French troops against a coalition of Saharan tribes refusing submission to colonial control. The operation aimed to secure the strategic Ouargla region and its oases. After several skirmishes, French forces repulsed a coordinated attack south of the town. Use of artillery and logistical superiority enabled a decisive victory.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Podor

February 1875
Podor, Senegal (French West Africa)
Commandant français Colonel Brière de l'Isle (France)
VS
Adversaire Fouta Toro tribes (led by Fulani religious chiefs hostile to French presence)

The Battle of Podor marked a decisive step in French domination of the Senegal River. Facing opposition from Fulani chiefs of Fouta Toro, colonial troops led by Brière de l'Isle launched a preventive attack on Podor, a strategic bastion of the resisters. After combat in open terrain, French forces took control of the town, which became a base for conquest of the interior.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle against Cheikh Amadou

April 1880
Near Ségou, Tukulor Empire (present-day Mali)
Commandant français Colonel Borgnis-Desbordes (France)
VS
Adversaire Cheikh Amadou (Tukulor Empire)

The battle saw Colonel Borgnis-Desbordes's French forces face troops of Tukulor chief Cheikh Amadou near Ségou, capital of the Tukulor Empire. The French objective was to open the commercial route toward the Upper Niger and subdue local Muslim kingdoms. The engagement was decisive: French firepower overwhelmed Cheikh Amadou's troops, who had to withdraw. This victory marked the beginning of French penetration into the West Sudan interior.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Son Tay

14–16 December 1883
Son Tay, Tonkin (present-day Vietnam)
Commandant français Admiral Amédée Courbet (France)
VS
Adversaire Black Flag Army and Sino-Vietnamese troops

The Battle of Son Tay pitted the French expeditionary corps led by Admiral Courbet against allied troops of the Black Flags, Chinese soldiers, and Vietnamese imperial forces. The French objective was to capture the fortified town of Son Tay, a strategic bastion on the road to Hanoi. After two days of fierce assault, the French seized the town despite stubborn defense.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Bac Ninh

8–12 March 1884
Bac Ninh, Tonkin (present-day Vietnam)
Commandant français General Charles-Théodore Millot (France)
VS
Adversaire Chinese Empire (Guangxi army commanded by Tang Jingsong and Huang Guilan)

The Battle of Bac Ninh pitted the French Tonkin Division, led by General Millot, against the Chinese Guangxi army, strongly entrenched around the fortified town of Bac Ninh. Through skillful maneuver and tactical superiority, the French outflanked enemy lines and seized the town, inflicting a severe defeat on Chinese imperial troops without a massive frontal battle.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Keelung

5–6 August 1884
Keelung, Taiwan (Formosa)
Commandant français Admiral Lespès (France)
VS
Adversaire Fujian forces commanded by Liu Mingchuan

As part of the naval campaign against China, France launched a landing at Keelung (Formosa) to establish a bridgehead. Under Admiral Lespès's direction, French troops faced Chinese defenses and seized the town after two days of combat. This operation foreshadowed a more lasting occupation of the region, although fighting continued in the following months.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Fuzhou

23 August 1884
Fuzhou (Foochow), Fujian Province, China
Commandant français Admiral Amédée Courbet (France)
VS
Adversaire Fujian Fleet (Chinese Empire)

The Battle of Fuzhou was a decisive naval clash between Admiral Courbet's French squadron and the Chinese Fujian fleet. It took place in the Min estuary, before the port of Fuzhou. In less than an hour, the French fleet destroyed nearly all Chinese ships and naval installations, demonstrating French naval tactical and technical superiority.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Tamsui

8 October 1884
Tamsui (淡水), Taiwan (Formosa)
Commandant français Admiral Lespès (France)
VS
Adversaire Chinese Empire (troops of Liu Mingchuan, local militias, Qing regular forces)

The Battle of Tamsui was a French attempt to seize a second strategic port in northern Taiwan after Keelung. Admiral Lespès attempted a landing but encountered fierce resistance from entrenched Chinese troops. After several hours of intense combat in marshy terrain, the assault failed. French troops had to withdraw, marking a rare defeat in this war.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Yu Oc

19 November 1884
Yu Oc, near Tuyên Quang, Tonkin (present-day northern Vietnam)
Commandant français Lieutenant-Colonel Jacques Duchesne (France)
VS
Adversaire Chinese forces and Black Flags

The Battle of Yu Oc took place in the context of defending the advanced post of Tuyên Quang, threatened by a Sino-Vietnamese coalition. A French column commanded by Duchesne was sent as reinforcement and faced Chinese troops and Black Flags at Yu Oc. Despite numerical inferiority, the French achieved a decisive victory through rigorous fire discipline and a well-coordinated attack.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Núi Bop

3–4 January 1885
Núi Bop, near Chu, Bac Giang Province, Tonkin (present-day northern Vietnam)
Commandant français General François de Négrier (France)
VS
Adversaire Chinese Empire (Guangxi corps)

The Battle of Núi Bop pitted General de Négrier's column against a strong concentration of Chinese troops in the Song Thuong valley, east of Tonkin. Through a bold offensive maneuver, the French dislodged the Chinese from their entrenched positions after two days of intense combat, opening the road to Lang Son. This victory prepared the final offensive against Chinese forces in Tonkin.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Dong Dang

23 February 1885
Dong Dang, Lang Son Province, Tonkin (Sino-Vietnamese border, present-day Vietnam)
Commandant français General Oscar de Négrier (France)
VS
Adversaire Chinese Empire (Guangxi corps commanded by General Pan Dingxin)

The Battle of Dong Dang pitted General de Négrier's French vanguard against a substantial Chinese force strongly entrenched on hills around the border village of Dong Dang. The French launched a coordinated assault that swept enemy positions and seized the Gate of China fort, opening the border route. The Chinese, surprised and outflanked, abandoned the battlefield.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Bang Bo (Zhennan Guan)

23–24 March 1885
Bang Bo (Sino-Vietnamese border, present-day Vietnam/China), also called Zhennan Guan
Commandant français General Oscar de Négrier (France)
VS
Adversaire Chinese Empire (Guangxi army, Generals Pan Dingxin and Feng Zicai)

The Battle of Bang Bo (Zhennan Guan) pitted General de Négrier's column against a numerically overwhelming Chinese army, strongly entrenched behind a vast network of fortifications on the border. The French launched a series of bold assaults, managed to penetrate the first lines but were finally overwhelmed by numbers. De Négrier was seriously wounded; the column had to withdraw toward Dong Dang.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Retreat and Battle of Lang Son

28 March 1885
Lang Son, Tonkin (present-day northern Vietnam)
Commandant français General Louis Brière de l'Isle (France), Colonel Paul-Gustave Herbinger (France)
VS
Adversaire Chinese Empire (Guangxi corps)

After the failure at Bang Bo and General de Négrier's wounding, Colonel Herbinger ordered the precipitous retreat of the French garrison at Lang Son toward the Tonkin delta. The operation, poorly organized and conducted under constant pressure from Chinese troops, turned into a rout. Rearguard combats took place along the route, and many soldiers were lost in the jungle. The French press called the event the 'Lang Son disaster.'

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Mahaly

30 June 1885
Mahaly, southeastern Madagascar
Commandant français Colonel Pierre
VS
Adversaire Merina Kingdom (local chiefs of the Betsileo and Bara regions)

The Battle of Mahaly saw a French column landed on Madagascar's southeast coast face a coalition of Merina warriors and hostile local peoples opposing installation of the French protectorate. The engagement was violent, with a French frontal attack supported by artillery. Local chiefs were driven back and Mahaly was occupied, opening the way for French advance into the interior.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Farafangana

4 August 1886
Farafangana, southeast coast of Madagascar
Commandant français Captain de vaisseau Lacombe (France)
VS
Adversaire Merina Kingdom (Betsileo and Bara chiefs, supported by local coastal militias)

The Battle of Farafangana pitted a French column led by Captain de vaisseau Lacombe against a coalition of Merina resisters and coastal peoples. The French, supported by naval artillery, attacked enemy entrenched positions at the mouth of the Manampatrana River. After several hours of intense combat and outflanking attempts, local forces yielded and the town was occupied.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Defeat

Battle of Sikasso

January 1887
Sikasso, present-day Mali
Commandant français Colonel Louis Archinard (France)
VS
Adversaire Kingdom of Kénédougou (King Tieba Traoré)

In January 1887, Colonel Archinard's French column besieged the fortified town of Sikasso, capital of Kénédougou. Despite several assaults supported by artillery, King Tieba Traoré's defenses held. The French army, decimated by disease and counterattacks, had to lift the siege after three weeks of fighting. Sikasso became a symbol of African resistance to colonial conquest.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Siguiri

27 April 1888
Siguiri, Upper Guinea (present-day Guinea, West Africa)
Commandant français Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Gallieni (France)
VS
Adversaire Wassoulou Empire (Samory Touré)

The Battle of Siguiri pitted Gallieni's French column against a large army of Samory Touré, leader of the Wassoulou Empire. French forces crossed the Niger River to attack the town of Siguiri, held by Samory. After violent combat where artillery and tirailleur line fire made the difference, the town fell and Samory's troops withdrew. It was one of the first major French victories against the Wassoulou Empire.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Cotonou

4 March 1890
Cotonou, Kingdom of Dahomey (present-day Benin)
Commandant français Commandant Terrillon (France)
VS
Adversaire Kingdom of Dahomey (King Béhanzin)

On 4 March 1890, a Dahomean army attacked the fortified French position at Cotonou, held by a small force of naval infantry and tirailleurs. Despite extreme numerical disproportion, French discipline and firepower repulsed all frontal attacks, inflicting heavy losses on Béhanzin's troops. This victory halted Dahomey's ambitions on the coast and began conquest of the interior.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Dogba

19 September 1892
Dogba, Kingdom of Dahomey (present-day Benin)
Commandant français Colonel Alfred Dodds (France)
VS
Adversaire Kingdom of Dahomey (King Béhanzin, regular troops and 'Amazons')

The Battle of Dogba marked the opening of the Second Dahomey War. Colonel Dodds's French column advanced from Porto-Novo and faced Béhanzin's forces near the village of Dogba. After several hours of combat, where armament superiority and tirailleur discipline made the difference, Dahomean troops were driven back. The 'Amazons' distinguished themselves by their bravery but suffered heavy losses.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Cana

6–7 November 1892
Cana, near Abomey, Kingdom of Dahomey (present-day Benin)
Commandant français Colonel Alfred Dodds (France)
VS
Adversaire Kingdom of Dahomey (King Béhanzin, regular troops and 'Amazons')

The Battle of Cana was the last great confrontation before the fall of Abomey. Colonel Dodds's French forces faced King Béhanzin's troops entrenched around the fortified village of Cana. After two days of fierce combat marked by several 'Amazon' assaults, the French broke enemy lines. The Dahomean defeat opened the road to the capital.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Capture of Abomey

17 November 1892
Abomey, Kingdom of Dahomey (present-day Benin)
Commandant français Colonel Alfred Dodds (France)
VS
Adversaire Kingdom of Dahomey (King Béhanzin, regular forces and surviving 'Amazons')

The capture of Abomey on 17 November 1892 marked the fall of the last great independent kingdom of West Africa to French colonial forces. After the heavy defeat at Cana, King Béhanzin abandoned the capital, which was invested by Colonel Dodds's column without organized resistance. The last Dahomean troops dispersed into the forest. Abomey became a symbol of the end of local independence.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Nyamina

20 April 1893
Nyamina, Upper Niger (present-day Mali)
Commandant français Colonel Louis Archinard (France)
VS
Adversaire Wassoulou Empire (Samory Touré, chiefs of Bate and Bélédougou)

The Battle of Nyamina pitted a French column commanded by Colonel Archinard against forces of Samory Touré and his local allies seeking to defend the Upper Niger valley. After a difficult march through bush and harassment attacks, the French engaged in pitched combat near the fortified village of Nyamina. Artillery and tirailleur discipline repulsed several assaults; a French counterattack outflanked enemy positions, forcing Samory to withdraw.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Andranosampona

4 August 1895
Andranosampona, central Madagascar
Commandant français General Jacques Duchesne (France)
VS
Adversaire Merina Kingdom (chiefs of the royal army, Prime Ministers Rainilaiarivony and Rainandriamampandry)

The Battle of Andranosampona was the main pitched engagement of the final conquest of Madagascar. After a successful landing on the east coast, General Duchesne's column advanced toward Tananarive. At Andranosampona, French troops encountered the main Merina army, strongly entrenched on the heights. After a frontal assault and several encirclement maneuvers, the French broke enemy defenses, opening the road to the capital.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Siege and Capture of Kong

17–19 December 1897
Kong, present-day Côte d'Ivoire
Commandant français Captain Louis-Gustave Binger (France)
VS
Adversaire Kingdom of Kong (Almamy Sékou Ouattara, allies of Samory Touré)

The capture of Kong in December 1897 ended the supremacy of the great commercial kingdom of northern Côte d'Ivoire, long allied with Samory Touré. After a short but intense siege marked by artillery fire and successive assaults against the walls, the town fell to Binger's column. It was a key step in French advance toward the Niger and submission of the last African bastions.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Siege and Capture of Sikasso

15 April – 1 May 1898
Sikasso, Kingdom of Kénédougou (present-day Mali)
Commandant français Colonel Louis Archinard (France)
VS
Adversaire Kingdom of Kénédougou (King Babemba Traoré)

The siege of Sikasso, lasting more than two weeks, marked the final resistance of the Kingdom of Kénédougou to French colonization. Archinard's column encircled the town and subjected fortifications to intense artillery bombardment. After several deadly assaults, the garrison and inhabitants were overwhelmed. Babemba Traoré, refusing surrender, committed suicide. The town was sacked and thousands of inhabitants were deported.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle and Capture of Samory Touré at Guélémou

29 September 1898
Guélémou, Upper Guinea (present-day Guinea, near the Ivorian border)
Commandant français Captains Henri Gouraud & Louis Combes (France)
VS
Adversaire Wassoulou Empire (Samory Touré, last loyal followers and son Morifing Diabaté)

After a long pursuit through the Guinean forest, French columns led by Gouraud and Combes encircled Samory Touré and his last loyal followers near Guélémou. The last pitched combats opposed the founder of the Wassoulou Empire's guard against Senegalese tirailleurs. After stubborn resistance, Samory was captured with his close associates. This surrender marked the end of the last great West African resistance to French colonization.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Kousséri

22 April 1900
Kousséri, Lake Chad basin (present-day Cameroon)
Commandant français Commandant Amédée-François Lamy (France)
VS
Adversaire Empire of Rabih az-Zubayr

The Battle of Kousséri opposed the French column led by Lamy to troops of African chief Rabih az-Zubayr, the last great adversary to conquest of Chad. After a maneuver joining columns from the Congo, Niger, and Algeria, Lamy engaged battle against Rabih's army near Kousséri. Combat was fierce: Rabih was killed in the melee, as was Lamy, but the French victory was total and ended independence of the Chad basin.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Capture of Beijing

14–15 August 1900
Beijing (Peking), China
Commandant français General Frédéric Frey (France), allied command (French, British, Russian, Japanese, American troops, etc.)
VS
Adversaire Chinese imperial army and Boxer militias

On 14 and 15 August 1900, the international expeditionary corps, including a substantial French contingent, assaulted the walls of Beijing to lift the siege of the Western Legation Quarter, attacked by Boxers and the Chinese imperial army. The French actively participated in taking the North Gate and street fighting in the capital. After intense engagements, the city was taken, ending the siege and main Chinese resistance.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Casablanca

5–7 August 1907
Casablanca, Morocco
Commandant français General Antoine Drude (France)
VS
Adversaire Chaouia tribes, local Moroccan militias (partisans of Sultan Moulay Abd al-Aziz)

After the massacre of Europeans in Casablanca, France organized a punitive landing. From 5 to 7 August 1907, French troops landed under naval artillery protection and faced local militias in street combat and skirmishes on the city's outskirts. French fire superiority and troop discipline enabled securing Casablanca, which became the first base for conquest of Morocco.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of the Chaouia

21 August – 7 September 1907
Chaouia Plain, around Casablanca, Morocco
Commandant français General Antoine Drude (France)
VS
Adversaire Coalition of Chaouia and Beni Meskine tribes

Following the capture of Casablanca, Chaouia tribes, reinforced by the Beni Meskine, launched a counteroffensive against French positions. For nearly three weeks, Drude's column waged mobile warfare and outpost warfare, repulsing several major attacks and seizing strategic points on the plain. Combat culminated in defeat of Moroccan horsemen and pacification of the region.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Abéché

4 November 1909
Abéché, Wadai Empire (present-day Chad)
Commandant français Captain Émile Gentil (France)
VS
Adversaire Wadai Empire (Sultan Doud Mourra, regular troops and local allies)

The Battle of Abéché marked the end of the Wadai Empire facing French colonial conquest. Captain Gentil's column, after a difficult advance from Chad, faced forces of Sultan Doud Mourra entrenched around the capital. After artillery bombardment and coordinated attacks on several axes, Wadai defenses gave way. French troops seized the town, ending the independence of the last great kingdom of the eastern Sahara.

Importance historique :
Modern Era
Victory

Battle of Fez

19–22 May 1911
Fez, Morocco
Commandant français General Charles Moinier (France)
VS
Adversaire Rebel Moroccan tribes (Zaïans, Beni M'Guild, Beni M'Tir, contingents from the Middle Atlas region)

In May 1911, General Moinier's French column entered Fez to rescue the garrison and European nationals besieged by a coalition of Berber tribes. After several days of fierce combat on the outskirts and in the streets of the city, the French regained control and dispersed the rebels. This military victory enabled definitive establishment of the French protectorate over Morocco.

Importance historique :

Era timeline

1823

Battle of the Trocadero

31 August – 3 September 1823

The Battle of the Trocadero, from 31 August to 3 September 1823, was a decisive amphibious and land assault by the French army against liberal Spanish forces entrenched at Cádiz. The operation formed part of the Spanish Expedition, a mission entrusted to France by the Holy Alliance to restore King Ferdinand VII to his absolute throne. Trocadero Island, fortified and strategic for controlling maritime access to Cádiz, was assaulted by French troops after naval bombardment. Rapid success led to Cádiz's capitulation a few days later. The action was hailed as a demonstration of restored monarchical force and consolidated international legitimacy of the Bourbon French monarchy.

Trocadero, Cádiz, Spain
Victory
1830

Capture of Algiers

5 July 1830

The capture of Algiers was the culmination of the French military expedition of 1830 in North Africa. After establishing a solid bridgehead at Sidi Ferruch, French troops advanced toward the Ottoman capital of the Regency of Algiers. On 4 July, after several pitched battles and intense artillery bombardment of Turkish fortifications, the French launched the final assault. On 5 July Dey Hussein capitulated. This major victory marked the effective beginning of French colonial domination in Algeria. It was widely publicized in France, though overshadowed a few days later by the July Revolution.

Algiers, Algeria (Ottoman Empire at the time)
Victory
1835

Battle of Macta

28 June 1835

The Battle of Macta was a decisive ambush inflicted by Emir Abdelkader on French troops commanded by General Trézel. After fruitless negotiation attempts with Abdelkader, the French withdrew from Mascara toward Mostaganem. Crossing the Macta marshes, the French column was surprised and harassed by Arab cavalry. Outnumbered, overwhelmed by heat and mud, the French lost control of their formation and were cut to pieces in a rapid assault. It was Abdelkader's first major victory over French colonial forces.

Macta, near Mostaganem, Algeria
Defeat
1836

First Battle of Constantine

21 October 1836

The first French attempt to seize the fortified city of Constantine ended in bitter failure. Marshal Clausel, Governor General of Algeria, launched an ambitious expedition to break resistance of Ahmed Bey, last major independent bastion of eastern Algeria. Despite initial advance from Bône, French troops suffered from bad weather, lack of supply, and fierce resistance. The final assault on the walls failed. The column was forced into disorganized retreat in the rain, harassed by local forces.

Constantine, Algeria
Defeat
1837

Second Battle of Constantine

13–14 October 1837

The second expedition against Constantine, conducted one year after Clausel's failure, was better prepared and crowned with success. General Damrémont meticulously organized approach to the city. After his premature death, General Valée took command and directed the final assault. French troops managed to breach fortifications after intense bombardment. Constantine fell after two days of fierce fighting, marking a turning point in French conquest of eastern Algeria.

Constantine, Algeria
Victory
1837

Battle of Djebel Bou Taleb

25 November 1837

Shortly after capture of Constantine, General Changarnier led a punitive expedition against Kabyle tribes of Djebel Bou Taleb suspected of aiding Ahmed Bey. The expedition turned into pitched battle in the mountains, where French troops faced a coalition of Kabyle warriors. Although initially surprised, they managed to reverse the situation and won after several hours of difficult fighting in steep terrain.

Djebel Bou Taleb, near Constantine, Algeria
Victory
1838

Battle of Collo

17 February 1838

The Battle of Collo opposed a French expeditionary column to a Kabyle tribal coalition on Algeria's east coast. Colonel Schauenburg, charged with securing Collo port and its strategic surroundings, faced a well-organized ambush in steep terrain. Thanks to coordinated maneuver between land troops and naval support from the bay, French forces achieved decisive defeat of the insurgents.

Collo, Algeria
Victory
1838

Battle of the Smala (1838)

16 April 1838

In an attempt to weaken Abd el-Kader's power, spiritual and military leader of Algerian resistance, Colonel Lamoricière led surprise offensive against his smala—a mobile camp serving simultaneously as military and political base. Although he inflicted losses on Abd el-Kader's forces, Algerian resistance remained coherent and retained capacity to counterattack. The battle ended without decisive strategic gain.

Tafna region, Algeria
Indecisive
1839

Battle of the Oued Mouilah

28 October 1839

The Battle of the Oued Mouilah marked rupture of peace between France and Abd el-Kader. Colonel Combes attempted to join an isolated convoy near Sidi-Bel-Abbès when attacked by superior force led by Abd el-Kader in person. Trapped in a narrow valley, the French were encircled, suffered heavy losses, and had to retreat. This battle is considered one of the emir's first major military successes after end of the truce.

Oued Mouilah, Algeria
Defeat
1840

Battle of Mazagran

3–6 February 1840

The Battle of Mazagran is a famous episode of the conquest of Algeria in which a small French garrison heroically resisted a four-day siege by a massive force sent by Abd el-Kader. Entrenched in fortified village of Mazagran, Captain Lelièvre's 123 men held out against more than 10,000 besiegers thanks to exceptional discipline, organized defense, and high morale. Heroic resistance of this garrison became symbol of French military tenacity in colonial conquest.

Mazagran, Mostaganem, Algeria
Victory
1841

Battle of the Oued Asker

28 April 1841

The Battle of the Oued Asker opposed French army directed by Marshal Bugeaud to tribal coalition of the Ouarsenis mountains allied to Abd el-Kader. Seeking definitively to break the emir's supply and influence lines, Bugeaud conducted offensive campaign in difficult mountainous region. Fighting was fierce, notably in Oued Asker gorges where French troops faced fierce resistance but finally gained advantage through enveloping maneuver and effective use of mountain artillery.

Oued Asker, near Cherchell, Algeria
Victory
1842

Battle of the Sikkak

6 July 1842

The Battle of the Sikkak opposed French troops commanded by General Lamoricière to important force of Abd el-Kader in wooded valley southwest of Tlemcen. The emir, returning from raids near Moroccan border, attempted to surprise French columns, but they resisted effectively. Well-prepared French ambush combined with cavalry maneuver on enemy rear inflicted heavy defeat on Abd el-Kader's forces, which had to retreat southward.

Sikkak Valley, Algeria
Victory
1843

Battle of Sidi Brahim

23–26 September 1843

The Battle of Sidi Brahim is one of the most famous episodes of the conquest of Algeria. A small French detachment led by Captain Dutertre was surprised by Abd el-Kader's greatly superior forces in an enclosed valley. Refusing surrender, the French entrenched around Sidi Brahim marabout and held out for three days against repeated assaults. Ammunition exhausted, only a few survivors managed to escape. Courage of this resistance was celebrated in the French army as legendary act of heroism.

Sidi Brahim, near Djemaa Ghazaouet, Algeria
Defeat
1844

Battle of Isly

14 August 1844

The Battle of Isly opposed French army directed by Bugeaud to Moroccan army of Sultan Abd al-Rahman, commanded by his son Moulay Muhammad. Though greatly inferior in number, French army crushed Moroccan forces thanks to skillful maneuver in open terrain. This decisive victory compelled Morocco to cease support for Emir Abd el-Kader, marking major turning point in Algerian war and in Franco-Moroccan relations.

Oued Isly, near Oujda, eastern Morocco
Victory
1845

Action at Sidi Brahim (1845)

23 March 1845

One year after famous siege of Sidi Brahim, French troops returned in force to this still disputed strategic region between colonial army and forces of Emir Abd el-Kader. This time French anticipated ambush. During mobile engagement in hills near marabout, they succeeded in repulsing and routing emir's cavalry thanks to decisive use of artillery and cavalry. Name of Sidi Brahim, already symbolic, was again marked by French troop tenacity.

Sidi Brahim, Tlemcen, Algeria
Victory
1845

Battle of the Oued Sebbah

28 May 1845

The Battle of the Oued Sebbah saw French army commanded by General Humbert face important column of cavalry led by Emir Abd el-Kader. After ambush attempt by indigenous forces, French troops managed to reverse situation through outflanking maneuver executed by their cavalry. Favorable outcome allowed securing passage toward Saïda, strategic center coveted in western Algeria.

Oued Sebbah, near Saïda, Algeria
Victory
1845

Battle of the Mekerra

10 July 1845

The Battle of the Mekerra opposed French troops commanded by Colonel Cavaignac to important contingent of Abd el-Kader near Sidi Bel Abbès. Battle was triggered as French secured Mekerra valley, strategic passage toward western Tell. Thanks to fire discipline and intelligent use of terrain, French troops repulsed enemy charges and obliged Abd el-Kader to retreat toward Ouarsenis mountains.

Mekerra, near Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria
Victory
1845

Action at Sidi Brahim (September 1845)

23–26 September 1845

The action at Sidi Brahim in September 1845 is one of the most famous engagements of the conquest of Algeria. A small French column, ambushed by greatly superior army of Emir Abd el-Kader, entrenched around Sidi Brahim marabout for three days of fierce siege. Despite heroic defense, survivors had to attempt bloody breakout. Their heroic resistance became symbol in French military history.

Sidi Brahim, Ouarsenis, Algeria
Defeat
1846

Battle of Ouizert

7 April 1846

The Battle of Ouizert saw French troops under General Changarnier confront and disperse important force of Emir Abd el-Kader near Mostaganem. Though outnumbered, French effectively exploited terrain and mobile artillery to disorganize enemy. This victory accelerated collapse of Abd el-Kader's military authority in western Algeria.

Ouizert, near Mostaganem, Algeria
Victory
1846

Battle of the Ouarsenis

11 August 1846

The Battle of the Ouarsenis opposed French forces commanded by General Bedeau to important body of Abd el-Kader entrenched in steep reliefs of Ouarsenis range. In outflanking and encirclement operation, French troops surprised enemy in camp and forced pitched battle in difficult access zone. French victory, though costly, contributed to reducing Abd el-Kader's hold on mountain massifs.

Ouarsenis Range, Algeria
Victory
1847

Battle of the Oued Sefioun

23 January 1847

This battle opposed French forces to coalition of mountain tribes in Nementcha region east of Constantine. Led by General Humbert, French army managed to break local resistance during difficult terrain campaign. Oued Sefioun engagement saw French exploit cavalry mobility to trap rebels in narrow gorge, inflicting heavy defeat.

Oued Sefioun, Nementcha, Algeria
Victory
1847

Battle of the Oued Bou-Sellam

25 March 1847

The Battle of the Oued Bou-Sellam marked new stage in pacification of northern Constantinois. French troops led by General Gentil attacked coalition of Kabyle tribes entrenched on heights bordering the oued. Rugged terrain and fierce mountaineer resistance made engagement particularly difficult, but coordinated use of artillery and mountain infantry allowed decisive victory.

Oued Bou-Sellam, near Sétif, Algeria
Victory
1847

Battle of the Ouarsenis Pass

14 September 1847

In final phase of conquest of Ouarsenis massif, troops of General de Saint-Arnaud engaged decisive battle at Téniet el-Haad Pass. Battle, seeing coordinated commitment of elite units in very difficult mountain terrain, ended organized resistance in this zone. Tribes were caught off guard by rapid encirclement maneuver and disciplined frontal offensive.

Téniet el-Haad Pass, Ouarsenis, Algeria
Victory
1849

Battle of Zaatcha

26 November – 4 December 1849

The Battle of Zaatcha is one of most striking of late Algerian conquest. Oasis fortified by inhabitants and resisters from across region offered fierce resistance to French troops. Siege turned into pitched battle during final assault, where street fighting and ambushes in palm groves caused heavy losses. Capture of Zaatcha, at price of massacre, shocked opinion in metropolitan France.

Zaatcha, Biskra oasis, Algeria
Victory
1854

Battle of the Alma

20 September 1854

The Battle of the Alma was first major land engagement of Crimean War. It opposed Franco-British-Ottoman army to Russian troops of General Menshikov entrenched on strategic height north of Alma River. Objective was to open road to Sevastopol. While British attacked center of Russian lines, French crossed river to west and decisively scaled heights. Victory was costly but complete, forcing Russians to retreat toward Sevastopol.

Alma River, Crimea (Russian Empire)
Victory
1854

Battle of Balaklava

25 October 1854

The Battle of Balaklava is known for famous British cavalry charges, notably Charge of the Light Brigade, but French troops also played crucial role in defending allied right flank. Russian objective was to break Sevastopol siege by attacking British positions at Balaklava, essential logistics port. Fighting was intense and confused but Allies managed to contain Russian offensive, though victory was not decisive.

Balaklava, Crimea (Russian Empire)
Indecisive
1854

Battle of Inkerman

5 November 1854

The Battle of Inkerman saw massive surprise Russian attack against isolated British troops on heights. Fighting in fog on rugged terrain became chaotic and extremely bloody. Decisive intervention of French troops, notably General Bosquet's brigades, saved British position from complete collapse. Despite numerical inferiority Allies inflicted heavy defeat on Russian forces.

Inkerman, Crimea (Russian Empire)
Victory
1855

Battle of the Chernaya

16 August 1855

The Battle of the Chernaya opposed numerous but poorly coordinated Russian army to solidly established Franco-Piedmontese defensive line. Russians, in desperate attempt to break Sevastopol siege, crossed Chernaya River to attack allied positions. Forewarned, French of General Bosquet and Sardes of Durando resisted fiercely and inflicted heavy defeat on assailants. This battle confirmed collapse of Russian offensive strategy in peninsula.

Chernaya River, Crimea (Russian Empire)
Victory
1855

Capture of the Malakoff Redoubt

8 September 1855

Assault on Malakoff redoubt constituted most decisive military operation of Sevastopol siege. Commanded by Mac Mahon, French attack seized nerve center of Russian defensive system. While British troops failed to take Great Redan, French stormed redoubt with sappers, trenches, and intense artillery bombardment. Capture of Malakoff triggered immediate Russian evacuation of Sevastopol, ending 11-month siege.

Sevastopol, Crimea (Russian Empire)
Victory
1859

Battle of Montebello

20 May 1859

The Battle of Montebello was first French victory of 1859 Italian campaign. Opposing Forey's troops to clearly superior Austrian forces, it demonstrated French tactical and moral superiority. Thanks to series of bold well-coordinated counterattacks, French managed to repulse Austrians after several hours of intense fighting around Montebello.

Montebello, Lombardy (Kingdom of Sardinia, now Italy)
Victory
1859

Battle of Palestro

30 May 1859

The Battle of Palestro opposed Franco-Sardinian troops commanded by General Mac Mahon and his subordinate La Motte Rouge to Austrian army of General Zobel. Strategic objective: secure key crossing on Sesia to allow allied army to maneuver toward Novara. Frontal attack of French units combined with bold flank maneuver by zouaves surprised Austrians. Presence of King Victor Emmanuel II in combat raised morale. Enemy was repulsed with heavy losses.

Palestro, Kingdom of Sardinia
Victory
1859

Battle of Magenta

4 June 1859

The Battle of Magenta opposed Franco-Sardinian forces directed by Napoleon III and Marshal Mac Mahon to Austrian army of Gyulai. This decisive combat took place in maze of canals, dikes, and orchards making maneuvers particularly complex. Objective was to pierce Austrian dispositions to open road to Milan. Mac Mahon played central role leading his corps across Ticino River, engaging enemy at Magenta and securing victory through stubborn attack supported by Canrobert's reinforcements.

Magenta, Lombardy, Italy
Victory
1859

Battle of Solferino

24 June 1859

The Battle of Solferino was one of bloodiest engagements of nineteenth-century Europe. It opposed Franco-Sardinian troops led by Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel II to imperial Austrian army of Francis Joseph. Fighting extended over vast front between villages of Solferino, Cavriana, and San Martino, turning into bloody chaos of infantry, cavalry, and artillery. French victory, won at cost of heavy losses, would profoundly mark consciences and lead to creation of Red Cross.

Solferino, Lombardy, Italy
Victory
1860

Battle of the Oued Sébaou

July 1860

The Battle of the Oued Sébaou was one of the key engagements of the French campaign in Greater Kabylie. The colonial French army directed by General Mac Mahon progressed through steep, heavily wooded valleys to subdue Kabyle tribes still resisting colonial penetration. The battle took place in difficult terrain of abrupt crests and dense forests, where French troops faced continuous harassment.

Oued Sébaou Valley, Kabylie, Algeria
Victory
1860

Capture of the Dagu Forts

21 August 1860

On 21 August 1860, Franco-British forces launched a coordinated assault against the Dagu forts defending river access to Tianjin and Beijing. These fortifications had repulsed an assault attempt in 1859. This time, better prepared, the Allies attacked simultaneously from sea and land. After violent fighting, the forts fell within hours. This victory opened the way to the invasion of northern China.

Mouth of Hai He River, Tianjin, China
Victory
1860

Battle of Zhangjiawan

18 September 1860

The Battle of Zhangjiawan saw Franco-British forces face a Qing imperial army three times superior in number. The Chinese army, stationed near Tongzhou to protect access to Beijing, attempted to block the allied advance. Despite numerical inferiority, Franco-British troops maneuvered skillfully, using artillery and discipline to repulse the enemy. The Qing lines gave way after several hours of combat.

Zhangjiawan, near Tongzhou, China
Victory
1860

Battle of Palikao

21 September 1860

The Battle of Palikao constituted the last great resistance of the Qing dynasty before the entry of Franco-British troops into Beijing. Despite strong numerical inferiority, the Allies crushed the imperial troops. General Cousin-Montauban led a decisive breakthrough, exploiting the tactical and technological superiority of Western troops. The Qing defeat opened the road to the capital, precipitating the end of the conflict.

Palikao (today Baliqiao), near Beijing, China
Victory
1861

Battle of Ky Hoa

24–25 February 1861

The Battle of Ky Hoa was a decisive clash between Franco-Spanish forces and Vietnamese troops of the Nguyễn dynasty in southern Vietnam during the Cochinchina campaign. The siege of Saigon, maintained by the Vietnamese for nearly two years, culminated in this battle. Rear Admiral Charner, recently arrived with reinforcements, took the initiative for a frontal assault on the entrenched Vietnamese lines around the fortified village of Ky Hoa, southeast of Saigon.

Ky Hoa, near Saigon, Cochinchina (Vietnam)
Victory
1862

Battle of the Cumbres de Acultzingo

28 April 1862

The Battle of the Cumbres de Acultzingo pitted French forces marching on Mexico City against the republican Mexican army commanded by Zaragoza. The better-equipped French troops attempted to force a passage through the mountains to continue their advance. The engagement took place in steep, difficult terrain favorable to the Mexican defense. Despite this, the French managed to drive back the defenders and secure the pass.

Cumbres de Acultzingo, State of Veracruz, Mexico
Victory
1862

Battle of Puebla

5 May 1862

The Battle of Puebla pitted the French army against the young Mexican Republic during the French intervention in Mexico. Although French troops were better equipped and trained, they encountered fierce resistance on the heights of Puebla, strongly fortified. General Lorencez launched several frontal assaults that failed against the endurance and tenacity of the Mexican defenders, supported by the local population. This surprising defeat was a setback for French prestige in Latin America.

Puebla de Zaragoza, Mexico
Defeat
1862

Battle of Cerro del Borrego

13 June 1862

After the failed assault on Puebla, French troops withdrew toward Orizaba. On 13 June 1862, a French detachment under General Lorencez attempted to secure the position of Cerro del Borrego, a strategic hill overlooking the Orizaba valley. However, Mexican troops led by Zaragoza laid an ambush, attacking the summit quickly before the French had time to entrench properly.

Orizaba, State of Veracruz, Mexico
Defeat
1863

Second Battle of Puebla

16 March – 17 May 1863

After the failure of 1862, the French launched a new campaign against Puebla, this time with a far superior and better-prepared force commanded by General Forey. The siege lasted two months and involved violent urban combat, especially around Mexican defensive redoubts and bastions. After several unsuccessful assaults, the French broke enemy lines and entered the city, forcing the Mexican surrender on 17 May 1863.

Puebla, Mexico
Victory
1863

Battle of San Lorenzo (Guerrero)

15 August 1863

In the months following the capture of Puebla and Mexico City, French troops extended their control toward the south and west of the country. At San Lorenzo, in the State of Guerrero, they faced a Mexican republican army entrenched in a fortified village. General Bazaine led a joint attack with Mexican conservative forces to disperse this threat to supply lines toward Acapulco. The engagement was intense and brutal, but French tactical and material superiority eventually forced the republican forces to retreat.

San Lorenzo, State of Guerrero, Mexico
Victory
1865

Battle of Tacámbaro

11 April 1865

The Battle of Tacámbaro pitted a detachment of the Belgian Legion, serving the Mexican Empire, against a republican force far superior in numbers. The Belgian contingent, sent to occupy the town of Tacámbaro and protect populations loyal to the empire, found itself encircled by Nicolás Régules's troops. After an entire day of fierce combat, the legionnaires were forced to surrender. This engagement became a symbol of European involvement in the Mexican War.

Tacámbaro, State of Michoacán, Mexico
Defeat
1865

Battle of La Loma

16 July 1865

The Battle of La Loma marked a strategic success for Franco-Mexican imperial forces in the Michoacán region. General Bazaine, commander-in-chief of the French expedition, engaged an expeditionary corps to drive back the well-entrenched republican troops of General Arteaga on the heights. Thanks to a coordinated attack involving several columns, the French managed to take control of the fortified position.

La Loma, State of Michoacán, Mexico
Victory
1866

Battle of Santa Gertrudis

15 April 1866

The Battle of Santa Gertrudis marked an important defeat for French-backed imperial troops in northern Mexico. Colonel Berthelin, charged with securing strategic routes in Chihuahua, was attacked in coordinated fashion by Luis Terrazas's republican forces. The ambush and republican numerical superiority caught imperial troops off guard, leading to a disorganized withdrawal.

Santa Gertrudis, State of Chihuahua, Mexico
Defeat
1866

Battle of Miahuatlán

3 October 1866

The Battle of Miahuatlán pitted a Franco-imperial column in retreat against troops of Mexican General Porfirio Díaz, who was conducting an energetic counteroffensive in the State of Oaxaca. French forces, weakened by constant harassment and poorly positioned, fell into a skillfully organized ambush in the heights near Miahuatlán. Despite initial resistance, the imperial line disintegrated and survivors retreated in disorder.

Miahuatlán, State of Oaxaca, Mexico
Defeat
1866

Battle of La Carbonera

18 October 1866

The Battle of La Carbonera was one of the last major pitched battles of the French intervention in Mexico. Porfirio Díaz's republican forces, recently victorious at Miahuatlán, continued their campaign northward to liberate Oaxaca. At La Carbonera, they intercepted an important imperial column composed of French troops and Mexican conservatives led by Márquez and Berthelin. The battle quickly turned to the Republicans' advantage, who were better prepared and numerically superior.

La Carbonera, State of Oaxaca, Mexico
Defeat
1866

Battle of Cuesta de la Vacas

26 October 1866

The Battle of Cuesta de la Vacas marked another failure of Franco-Mexican imperial forces against the republican push in northern Mexico. French Colonel de Mangin attempted to block the road against republican General Ramón Corona, who was conducting a reconquest campaign toward the south.

Cuesta de la Vacas, State of Zacatecas, Mexico
Defeat
1866

Battle of Chihuahua

15 November 1866

The Battle of Chihuahua saw the last imperial French forces in northern Mexico attempt to resist republican reconquest. General Bazaine, in an organized withdrawal toward the coast, tried to slow Escobedo's advance to allow logistical evacuation. But republican numerical and moral superiority led to a foregone engagement.

Chihuahua, northern Mexico
Defeat
1869

Battle of Boi-A-Baba

20 July 1869

The Battle of Boi-A-Baba pitted a French column led by Colonel Faidherbe against a substantial force of Tukulor warriors in the context of colonial expansion in Senegal. The French objective was to neutralize local forces resisting the establishment of fortified posts on the upper Senegal River. The clash, harsh and frontal, ended in a French victory despite numerical inferiority.

Boi-A-Baba, Senegal River valley, West Africa
Victory
1870

Battle of Bazeilles

31 August – 1 September 1870

The Battle of Bazeilles pitted French colonial troops—the famous marine 'marsouins'—against Bavarian forces in fierce urban combat in the village of Bazeilles, near Sedan. The French fiercely defended every house and street in heroic resistance, inflicting heavy losses on the enemy despite numerical inferiority. The engagement became emblematic of the courage of French colonial troops and gave rise to the famous motto 'They shall not pass.'

Bazeilles, Ardennes, France
Defeat
1870

Battle of Sedan

1–2 September 1870

The Battle of Sedan marked a decisive turning point in the Franco-Prussian War. French forces of the Army of Châlons, commanded by Mac Mahon, were encircled by a German army superior in numbers and coordination. After disorganized breakthrough attempts and violent combat, the French army was forced to surrender. Napoleon III, present on the battlefield, was captured, leading to the fall of the Second Empire.

Sedan, Ardennes, France
Defeat
1870

First Battle of Buzenval (or Montretout)

21 October 1870

The First Battle of Buzenval, also called the Battle of Montretout, was a sortie by the besieged French army of Paris against Prussian troops. General Ducrot attempted a breakthrough westward to disrupt enemy lines around Fort Mont Valérien. The French offensive temporarily captured Buzenval, but Prussian counterattacks drove French troops back inside Paris's defensive lines.

Buzenval, Hauts-de-Seine, France
Defeat
1870

Battle of Coulmiers

9 November 1870

The Army of the Loire surprised the Bavarian army at Coulmiers. Powerful artillery preparation using percussion shells created panic in the enemy camp. Taking advantage of the disarray, French infantry charged with the bayonet and drove back the Bavarians, achieving one of the rare French victories of the war.

Coulmiers, Loiret, France
Victory
1870

Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande

28 November 1870

The Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande pitted the far more numerous French Army of the Loire against an entrenched Prussian corps. Despite their numerical superiority, the French failed to take the town due to poor coordination between their various columns and fierce Prussian resistance. French troops suffered heavy losses and withdrew.

Beaune-la-Rolande, Loiret, France
Defeat
1870

Battle of Villepion

1 December 1870

The Battle of Villepion saw General Chanzy's French troops face Prussian forces of the German 22nd Division. In a full attempt to break through toward Paris, Chanzy tried to drive back Prussians positioned at Villepion in a rapid, brutal offensive. The engagement was violent, with heavy losses on both sides, but the French managed to take control of the village by nightfall.

Villepion, Loir-et-Cher, France
Victory
1870

Battle of Loigny-Poupry

2 December 1870

The day after his victory at Villepion, General Chanzy attempted to continue his advance toward Paris but encountered a well-organized German counteroffensive at Loigny and Poupry. Despite fierce combat and heroic resistance by French infantry, German forces regained the initiative, encircling French positions. The battle ended in a heavy defeat for Chanzy.

Loigny-la-Bataille and Poupry, Eure-et-Loir, France
Defeat
1870

Battle of Beaugency

8–10 December 1870

After the defeat at Loigny, Chanzy regrouped his troops at Beaugency on the north bank of the Loire. For three days, French forces resisted the German push in fierce combat marked by cold and disorganization. Despite courageous defense and some tactical successes, Chanzy was forced to withdraw facing the arrival of enemy reinforcements and lack of coordination with Bourbaki's other French army.

Beaugency, Loiret, France
Defeat
1871

Battle of Le Mans

10–12 January 1871

The Battle of Le Mans was one of the last major engagements of the Franco-Prussian War. Chanzy, withdrawn westward after Beaugency, attempted to form a solid defensive line around Le Mans. The Germans, well organized and methodical, attacked on 10 and 11 January, exploiting weaknesses in the French deployment. Confusion, cold, and lack of discipline disorganized the French army, which retreated in disorder toward Laval.

Le Mans, Sarthe, France
Defeat
1871

Battle of the Lizaine

15–17 January 1871

The Battle of the Lizaine pitted General Bourbaki's Army of the East against a German corps commanded by General von Werder. Bourbaki attempted to break the siege of Belfort and drive German forces back on the Lizaine line. Despite numerical superiority, the French failed to pierce the enemy front. Exhausted, starving, and poorly led, Bourbaki's army disintegrated, leading to a dramatic retreat toward Switzerland.

Around the Lizaine River, near Héricourt, Haute-Saône, France
Defeat
1871

Battle of Saint-Quentin

19 January 1871

The Battle of Saint-Quentin pitted General Faidherbe's Army of the North against a German army commanded by General von Goeben. Faidherbe hoped to relieve Paris by attacking southward from Amiens. Despite an offensive engagement, his troops lacked cohesion and experience. After violent fighting around Gricourt and Saint-Quentin, French forces were driven back and had to withdraw.

Saint-Quentin, Aisne, France
Defeat
1871

Second Battle of Buzenval

19 January 1871

The Second Battle of Buzenval was the last major sortie attempt by the French army trapped in besieged Paris. General Trochu launched an offensive west of the city to try to pierce Prussian lines at Rueil and Buzenval. Combat was intense in the woods and around redoubts, but despite massive engagement, French troops failed to break enemy lines. Withdrawal was ordered in the evening.

Buzenval, Rueil-Malmaison, Hauts-de-Seine, France
Defeat
1871

Battle of Belfort

15–17 February 1871

After more than three months of siege, German forces launched a series of assaults on Belfort in mid-February 1871 to force its surrender. The garrison, led by Denfert-Rochereau, resisted fiercely, inflicting heavy losses on the enemy. Despite exhaustion of supplies and ammunition, the city refused to capitulate. Only the announcement of the armistice signed on 28 January and the explicit request of the French government led Denfert-Rochereau to cease fire on 18 February.

Belfort, Territoire de Belfort, France
Indecisive
1872

Battle of Ouargla

1 September 1872

The Battle of Ouargla pitted Commandant Flatters's French troops against a coalition of Saharan tribes refusing submission to colonial control. The operation aimed to secure the strategic Ouargla region and its oases. After several skirmishes, French forces repulsed a coordinated attack south of the town. Use of artillery and logistical superiority enabled a decisive victory.

Ouargla, Algerian Sahara, Algeria (French colonial empire)
Victory
1875

Battle of Podor

February 1875

The Battle of Podor marked a decisive step in French domination of the Senegal River. Facing opposition from Fulani chiefs of Fouta Toro, colonial troops led by Brière de l'Isle launched a preventive attack on Podor, a strategic bastion of the resisters. After combat in open terrain, French forces took control of the town, which became a base for conquest of the interior.

Podor, Senegal (French West Africa)
Victory
1880

Battle against Cheikh Amadou

April 1880

The battle saw Colonel Borgnis-Desbordes's French forces face troops of Tukulor chief Cheikh Amadou near Ségou, capital of the Tukulor Empire. The French objective was to open the commercial route toward the Upper Niger and subdue local Muslim kingdoms. The engagement was decisive: French firepower overwhelmed Cheikh Amadou's troops, who had to withdraw. This victory marked the beginning of French penetration into the West Sudan interior.

Near Ségou, Tukulor Empire (present-day Mali)
Victory
1883

Battle of Son Tay

14–16 December 1883

The Battle of Son Tay pitted the French expeditionary corps led by Admiral Courbet against allied troops of the Black Flags, Chinese soldiers, and Vietnamese imperial forces. The French objective was to capture the fortified town of Son Tay, a strategic bastion on the road to Hanoi. After two days of fierce assault, the French seized the town despite stubborn defense.

Son Tay, Tonkin (present-day Vietnam)
Victory
1884

Battle of Bac Ninh

8–12 March 1884

The Battle of Bac Ninh pitted the French Tonkin Division, led by General Millot, against the Chinese Guangxi army, strongly entrenched around the fortified town of Bac Ninh. Through skillful maneuver and tactical superiority, the French outflanked enemy lines and seized the town, inflicting a severe defeat on Chinese imperial troops without a massive frontal battle.

Bac Ninh, Tonkin (present-day Vietnam)
Victory
1884

Battle of Keelung

5–6 August 1884

As part of the naval campaign against China, France launched a landing at Keelung (Formosa) to establish a bridgehead. Under Admiral Lespès's direction, French troops faced Chinese defenses and seized the town after two days of combat. This operation foreshadowed a more lasting occupation of the region, although fighting continued in the following months.

Keelung, Taiwan (Formosa)
Victory
1884

Battle of Fuzhou

23 August 1884

The Battle of Fuzhou was a decisive naval clash between Admiral Courbet's French squadron and the Chinese Fujian fleet. It took place in the Min estuary, before the port of Fuzhou. In less than an hour, the French fleet destroyed nearly all Chinese ships and naval installations, demonstrating French naval tactical and technical superiority.

Fuzhou (Foochow), Fujian Province, China
Victory
1884

Battle of Tamsui

8 October 1884

The Battle of Tamsui was a French attempt to seize a second strategic port in northern Taiwan after Keelung. Admiral Lespès attempted a landing but encountered fierce resistance from entrenched Chinese troops. After several hours of intense combat in marshy terrain, the assault failed. French troops had to withdraw, marking a rare defeat in this war.

Tamsui (淡水), Taiwan (Formosa)
Defeat
1884

Battle of Yu Oc

19 November 1884

The Battle of Yu Oc took place in the context of defending the advanced post of Tuyên Quang, threatened by a Sino-Vietnamese coalition. A French column commanded by Duchesne was sent as reinforcement and faced Chinese troops and Black Flags at Yu Oc. Despite numerical inferiority, the French achieved a decisive victory through rigorous fire discipline and a well-coordinated attack.

Yu Oc, near Tuyên Quang, Tonkin (present-day northern Vietnam)
Victory
1885

Battle of Núi Bop

3–4 January 1885

The Battle of Núi Bop pitted General de Négrier's column against a strong concentration of Chinese troops in the Song Thuong valley, east of Tonkin. Through a bold offensive maneuver, the French dislodged the Chinese from their entrenched positions after two days of intense combat, opening the road to Lang Son. This victory prepared the final offensive against Chinese forces in Tonkin.

Núi Bop, near Chu, Bac Giang Province, Tonkin (present-day northern Vietnam)
Victory
1885

Battle of Dong Dang

23 February 1885

The Battle of Dong Dang pitted General de Négrier's French vanguard against a substantial Chinese force strongly entrenched on hills around the border village of Dong Dang. The French launched a coordinated assault that swept enemy positions and seized the Gate of China fort, opening the border route. The Chinese, surprised and outflanked, abandoned the battlefield.

Dong Dang, Lang Son Province, Tonkin (Sino-Vietnamese border, present-day Vietnam)
Victory
1885

Battle of Bang Bo (Zhennan Guan)

23–24 March 1885

The Battle of Bang Bo (Zhennan Guan) pitted General de Négrier's column against a numerically overwhelming Chinese army, strongly entrenched behind a vast network of fortifications on the border. The French launched a series of bold assaults, managed to penetrate the first lines but were finally overwhelmed by numbers. De Négrier was seriously wounded; the column had to withdraw toward Dong Dang.

Bang Bo (Sino-Vietnamese border, present-day Vietnam/China), also called Zhennan Guan
Defeat
1885

Retreat and Battle of Lang Son

28 March 1885

After the failure at Bang Bo and General de Négrier's wounding, Colonel Herbinger ordered the precipitous retreat of the French garrison at Lang Son toward the Tonkin delta. The operation, poorly organized and conducted under constant pressure from Chinese troops, turned into a rout. Rearguard combats took place along the route, and many soldiers were lost in the jungle. The French press called the event the 'Lang Son disaster.'

Lang Son, Tonkin (present-day northern Vietnam)
Defeat
1885

Battle of Mahaly

30 June 1885

The Battle of Mahaly saw a French column landed on Madagascar's southeast coast face a coalition of Merina warriors and hostile local peoples opposing installation of the French protectorate. The engagement was violent, with a French frontal attack supported by artillery. Local chiefs were driven back and Mahaly was occupied, opening the way for French advance into the interior.

Mahaly, southeastern Madagascar
Victory
1886

Battle of Farafangana

4 August 1886

The Battle of Farafangana pitted a French column led by Captain de vaisseau Lacombe against a coalition of Merina resisters and coastal peoples. The French, supported by naval artillery, attacked enemy entrenched positions at the mouth of the Manampatrana River. After several hours of intense combat and outflanking attempts, local forces yielded and the town was occupied.

Farafangana, southeast coast of Madagascar
Victory
1887

Battle of Sikasso

January 1887

In January 1887, Colonel Archinard's French column besieged the fortified town of Sikasso, capital of Kénédougou. Despite several assaults supported by artillery, King Tieba Traoré's defenses held. The French army, decimated by disease and counterattacks, had to lift the siege after three weeks of fighting. Sikasso became a symbol of African resistance to colonial conquest.

Sikasso, present-day Mali
Defeat
1888

Battle of Siguiri

27 April 1888

The Battle of Siguiri pitted Gallieni's French column against a large army of Samory Touré, leader of the Wassoulou Empire. French forces crossed the Niger River to attack the town of Siguiri, held by Samory. After violent combat where artillery and tirailleur line fire made the difference, the town fell and Samory's troops withdrew. It was one of the first major French victories against the Wassoulou Empire.

Siguiri, Upper Guinea (present-day Guinea, West Africa)
Victory
1890

Battle of Cotonou

4 March 1890

On 4 March 1890, a Dahomean army attacked the fortified French position at Cotonou, held by a small force of naval infantry and tirailleurs. Despite extreme numerical disproportion, French discipline and firepower repulsed all frontal attacks, inflicting heavy losses on Béhanzin's troops. This victory halted Dahomey's ambitions on the coast and began conquest of the interior.

Cotonou, Kingdom of Dahomey (present-day Benin)
Victory
1892

Battle of Dogba

19 September 1892

The Battle of Dogba marked the opening of the Second Dahomey War. Colonel Dodds's French column advanced from Porto-Novo and faced Béhanzin's forces near the village of Dogba. After several hours of combat, where armament superiority and tirailleur discipline made the difference, Dahomean troops were driven back. The 'Amazons' distinguished themselves by their bravery but suffered heavy losses.

Dogba, Kingdom of Dahomey (present-day Benin)
Victory
1892

Battle of Cana

6–7 November 1892

The Battle of Cana was the last great confrontation before the fall of Abomey. Colonel Dodds's French forces faced King Béhanzin's troops entrenched around the fortified village of Cana. After two days of fierce combat marked by several 'Amazon' assaults, the French broke enemy lines. The Dahomean defeat opened the road to the capital.

Cana, near Abomey, Kingdom of Dahomey (present-day Benin)
Victory
1892

Capture of Abomey

17 November 1892

The capture of Abomey on 17 November 1892 marked the fall of the last great independent kingdom of West Africa to French colonial forces. After the heavy defeat at Cana, King Béhanzin abandoned the capital, which was invested by Colonel Dodds's column without organized resistance. The last Dahomean troops dispersed into the forest. Abomey became a symbol of the end of local independence.

Abomey, Kingdom of Dahomey (present-day Benin)
Victory
1893

Battle of Nyamina

20 April 1893

The Battle of Nyamina pitted a French column commanded by Colonel Archinard against forces of Samory Touré and his local allies seeking to defend the Upper Niger valley. After a difficult march through bush and harassment attacks, the French engaged in pitched combat near the fortified village of Nyamina. Artillery and tirailleur discipline repulsed several assaults; a French counterattack outflanked enemy positions, forcing Samory to withdraw.

Nyamina, Upper Niger (present-day Mali)
Victory
1895

Battle of Andranosampona

4 August 1895

The Battle of Andranosampona was the main pitched engagement of the final conquest of Madagascar. After a successful landing on the east coast, General Duchesne's column advanced toward Tananarive. At Andranosampona, French troops encountered the main Merina army, strongly entrenched on the heights. After a frontal assault and several encirclement maneuvers, the French broke enemy defenses, opening the road to the capital.

Andranosampona, central Madagascar
Victory
1897

Siege and Capture of Kong

17–19 December 1897

The capture of Kong in December 1897 ended the supremacy of the great commercial kingdom of northern Côte d'Ivoire, long allied with Samory Touré. After a short but intense siege marked by artillery fire and successive assaults against the walls, the town fell to Binger's column. It was a key step in French advance toward the Niger and submission of the last African bastions.

Kong, present-day Côte d'Ivoire
Victory
1898

Siege and Capture of Sikasso

15 April – 1 May 1898

The siege of Sikasso, lasting more than two weeks, marked the final resistance of the Kingdom of Kénédougou to French colonization. Archinard's column encircled the town and subjected fortifications to intense artillery bombardment. After several deadly assaults, the garrison and inhabitants were overwhelmed. Babemba Traoré, refusing surrender, committed suicide. The town was sacked and thousands of inhabitants were deported.

Sikasso, Kingdom of Kénédougou (present-day Mali)
Victory
1898

Battle and Capture of Samory Touré at Guélémou

29 September 1898

After a long pursuit through the Guinean forest, French columns led by Gouraud and Combes encircled Samory Touré and his last loyal followers near Guélémou. The last pitched combats opposed the founder of the Wassoulou Empire's guard against Senegalese tirailleurs. After stubborn resistance, Samory was captured with his close associates. This surrender marked the end of the last great West African resistance to French colonization.

Guélémou, Upper Guinea (present-day Guinea, near the Ivorian border)
Victory
1900

Battle of Kousséri

22 April 1900

The Battle of Kousséri opposed the French column led by Lamy to troops of African chief Rabih az-Zubayr, the last great adversary to conquest of Chad. After a maneuver joining columns from the Congo, Niger, and Algeria, Lamy engaged battle against Rabih's army near Kousséri. Combat was fierce: Rabih was killed in the melee, as was Lamy, but the French victory was total and ended independence of the Chad basin.

Kousséri, Lake Chad basin (present-day Cameroon)
Victory
1900

Capture of Beijing

14–15 August 1900

On 14 and 15 August 1900, the international expeditionary corps, including a substantial French contingent, assaulted the walls of Beijing to lift the siege of the Western Legation Quarter, attacked by Boxers and the Chinese imperial army. The French actively participated in taking the North Gate and street fighting in the capital. After intense engagements, the city was taken, ending the siege and main Chinese resistance.

Beijing (Peking), China
Victory
1907

Battle of Casablanca

5–7 August 1907

After the massacre of Europeans in Casablanca, France organized a punitive landing. From 5 to 7 August 1907, French troops landed under naval artillery protection and faced local militias in street combat and skirmishes on the city's outskirts. French fire superiority and troop discipline enabled securing Casablanca, which became the first base for conquest of Morocco.

Casablanca, Morocco
Victory
1907

Battle of the Chaouia

21 August – 7 September 1907

Following the capture of Casablanca, Chaouia tribes, reinforced by the Beni Meskine, launched a counteroffensive against French positions. For nearly three weeks, Drude's column waged mobile warfare and outpost warfare, repulsing several major attacks and seizing strategic points on the plain. Combat culminated in defeat of Moroccan horsemen and pacification of the region.

Chaouia Plain, around Casablanca, Morocco
Victory
1909

Battle of Abéché

4 November 1909

The Battle of Abéché marked the end of the Wadai Empire facing French colonial conquest. Captain Gentil's column, after a difficult advance from Chad, faced forces of Sultan Doud Mourra entrenched around the capital. After artillery bombardment and coordinated attacks on several axes, Wadai defenses gave way. French troops seized the town, ending the independence of the last great kingdom of the eastern Sahara.

Abéché, Wadai Empire (present-day Chad)
Victory
1911

Battle of Fez

19–22 May 1911

In May 1911, General Moinier's French column entered Fez to rescue the garrison and European nationals besieged by a coalition of Berber tribes. After several days of fierce combat on the outskirts and in the streets of the city, the French regained control and dispersed the rebels. This military victory enabled definitive establishment of the French protectorate over Morocco.

Fez, Morocco
Victory

Major conflicts of the era

Conquest of Algeria 10 battles · 1830–1849 Conquest of Algeria / War against Abd el-Kader 8 battles · 1842–1846 Crimean War 5 battles · 1854–1855 Second Italian War of Independence 4 battles · 1859 Second Opium War 3 battles · 1860 French Intervention in Mexico 12 battles · 1862–1866 Franco-Prussian War 12 battles · 1870–1871 Franco-Chinese War 9 battles · 1884–1885 Second Dahomey War 3 battles · 1892

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